Dana 44 Solid Front Axle

Introduction:

The Dana 44 was introduced after World War II and is commonly found under the front and rear of a wide variety of vehicles. Starting in 1972, modern factory Dana 44’s had 30-spine axle shafts with a thickness of 1.31 inches (earlier axles were 10- or 19-spline).

Spicer (Dana) 44 axles use an 8-1/2-inch ring gear bolted to the carrier by 10 bolts that are 3/8 x 24 right-hand thread. The case itself is 9-3/8 inches in diameter. The cement mixer-shaped differential cover also has 10 bolts. The input on the pinion shaft is 1-3/8-inch in diameter and has 26 spline. Original ring and pinion gears were produced from 8620 steel, making this assembly capable of handling most engine horsepower and torque specifications. Although not as strong as its big brother, the Dana 60, it is quite a lot lighter than the 60 without sacrificing much in the way of strength. Axle shafts are 1-1/8 inches in diameter with 30 spline 1-5/16-inch ends.

Identification:

 

Dana axles are very easy to identify and their numbering system is consistent irregardless of the vehicle they came in.  The axle model number is cast in to the housing (30, 44, 60) either on the right (facing the axle cover) lower web at the point where the axle tube is pressed in to the center section or in the nose of the housing near the pinion yoke.

Each axle has a B.O.M (Bill of Materials) number stamped onto it on the left or right axle tube. If you have the B.O.M number, you can look it up on Dana’s website HERE.  If you find a Dana axle not in a vehicle, that link will tell you what vehicle the axle came out of. You may also want to check out our list of Dana B.O.M numbers HERE.

A Few Explanations:

We’re going to be mentioning things such as open knuckle, closed knuckle, low pinion, high pinion reverse cut and standard cut. Here’s an explanation:

Open Knuckle vs Closed Knuckle:

The knuckle of a front axle is the part that enables the front axle to steer. There are upper and lower joints that the knuckle swivels on, turning the wheels to the left and right. There are two basic types of knuckles used, one is the closed knuckle and one is the open knuckle.

The advantage of the open knuckle is it allows a tighter turning radius and it is easier to maintain. The closed structure of the closed knuckle limits its ability to swivel. It also is a bit harder to maintain since the knuckle must be sealed. Closed knuckle axle shaft joints either run in gear lube or in grease in the knuckle, and the lubricant tends to leak out of the knuckle. The open knuckle axles used a sealed cardon cross joint.

Closed knuckle

Open knuckle

Low Pinion Standard Cut vs High Pinion Reverse Cut:

Here is a photo of a low pinion axle (left) and high pinion axle (right).

Low Pinion Axle left – High Pinion Axle Right (They’re Dana 30’s, but they serve the purpose here)

The low pinion axle is an indication of a standard cut ring gear and the high pinion axle is an indication of a reverse cut ring gear. Often mistakenly referred to as ‘reverse rotation’, the term ‘reverse cut’ is perhaps the single most misunderstood term used by off-roaders and even many in the axle business. A reverse cut housing is not just like a standard cut housing turned upside down. It is a specially designed housing for front driving axles. Contrary to popular belief, it does not turn backwards or in reverse. The term ‘reverse cut’ actually refers to the direction of the spiral cut in the ring gear.

In a reverse cut axle, the spiral on the ring gear is opposite from a standard cut ring gear. The idea behind reverse cut is to strengthen the operation of the gear when it is used for a front axle application.

The bottom line is that reverse cut gears (front axle style) and axle assemblies are inherently stronger for front axle use because of the way the gear mesh when moving the vehicle forward direction. They also provide better driveline angles because the pinion is located above the centerline of the axle.

The Early Bronco Dana 44:

The Dana 44 became available in the early Ford Bronco’s from 1971-1977.  Axles prior to that point were the Dana 30.

1971-1977 Ford Bronco Dana 44 Axle

Specifications:

• 8.5-Inch Ring Gear Diameter
• Standard Cut – Low Pinion Design
• 1971-1975 Used Front Drum Brakes
• 1976-1977 Used Front Disk Brakes
• 1.31-Inch / 30-Spline Axle Shafts
• 1.38-Inch / 26-Spline Pinion
• 3.73 & Down / 3.92 & Up Carrier Break
• Small 260x U-Joints
• Coil Spring / Radius Arm Setup
• 5×5.5 Wheel Bolt Pattern
• 58-Inch Axle Width

One of the major drawbacks of an early Bronco Dana 44 is it’s small 260x u-joints. You can find a stronger replacement shaft or a complete set of replacement shafts that use larger u-joints at companies like broncograveyard.com.

Another thing to watch out for with the early Bronco Dana 44 is the brakes. 1971-1975 Ford Bronco’s have drum front brakes.  1976-1977 Ford Bronco’s have 11-inch disc brakes. If you end up with a drum brake Dana 44 you can convert it to disc brakes.

Find a 1978-1979 Ford Bronco or a 1973-1979 Ford F-150 and get the following parts:

• Steering knuckle
• Brake backing plate
• Caliper holder (Haynes calls this the Anchor plate)
• Spindle
• Wheel bearing locking nut, lock ring washer and wheel bearing adjusting nut
• Caliper support key and spring
• Rotor (use as a core for a new one)
• Locking Hubs

Basically, you’ll be needing everything from the knuckles out.  You’ll be replacing your existing parts with these new ones.

Diagram of a 1971-1977 Ford Bronco front suspension (F-150 and 1978-1979 Bronco are the same)

Early Ford Radius Arms

Fullsize Ford Reverse Cut High Pinion Dana 44:

F-150 Dana 44

Specifications:

• 8.5-Inch Ring Gear Diameter
• 1.31-Inch / 30-Spline Axle Shafts
• 1.38-Inch / 26-Spline Pinion
• 3.73 & Down / 3.92 & Up Carrier Break
• Coil Spring / Radius Arm Setup (F-250’s and 1977-1979 F-150 Super Cabs have leaf sprung Dana 44’s)
• 5×5.5 Wheel Bolt Pattern on F-150’s (F-250’s are 8-lug)
• Axle Width (unknown)

This is the top dog when it comes to Dana 44’s.  Some believe that the Ford high pinion reverse cut Dana 44 didn’t become available until after 1977. This misconception is probably because a high pinion Dana 44 wasn’t offered in the F-250 until 1977.  The reverse cut high pinion Dana 44 was used in 1/2 ton Ford trucks from 1966-1979 and full size Ford Bronco’s in 1978-1979.

Miscellaneous:

This is the radius arm mount on a 1978-1979 Ford Dana 44.  It’s a one piece unit with the axle tube pressed in to it.  Dana 44’s made prior to 1978 had (4) separate pieces welded on to the axle tube.

Ford F-250 Dana 44’s:

F-250 Dana 44’s up to 1977 were low pinion, standard cut units.

In 1977.5 Ford’s new F-250 axle now started to appear.  This new axle was a high pinion, reverse cut, 8-lug Dana 44. This axle for the F-250 Dana 44 is slightly different than the F-100 & F-150 offered in 1977.  The F-250 is a little wider than the F-100 & F-150, for the wider 8 bolt wheel pattern. The F-250 also has 3-inch wide axle tubes with 1/2-inch thick tube walls, and the axle has many different small changes from the F-100 & F-150 to include larger brakes.

Photo of a F-250 Dana 44 (laying on its top)

Coil Mounting Brackets:

1971-1977 coil mounting brackets were 4 separate cast pieces welded at the top and bottom. These can be cut off.

1978-1979 coil mounting brackets were a new design that was a single piece per side, with the tubes pressed into the ends of the casting. The center of the cast pieces does not have a tube that passes through it. Instead, a tube is pressed on both ends and welded together. This system came with outer tubes 3/8 inch thick and center tubes 3/8 inch or 1/4 inch thick. These newer coil brackets can not be cut off.

Leaf Spring Perches:

The 1977-1979 F-150 Super Cab and 1978-1979 F-250 have leaf sprung Dana 44’s in the front.

Recommendation:

The best Dana 44’s are the 1976-1977 units with 297x u-joints, disc brakes and weld on radius arm mounting brackets (wedgies) that can be cut off. These should all be reverse cut high pinion units. The 1978-1979 units are just as good as long as you want to retain the factory style radius arms. The axle tubes are pressed in to a casting for the radius arms and do not go all the way through it.  This means you can’t just cut the mounts off like you can on the previous year axles. It is possible to shorten these axles for use with radius arms though.  If you wanted to use the 1989-1979 Dana 44 for a leaf spring or link suspension setup, you would have to completely rebuild the housing with new tubes.

The other axle of choice would be the 1977-1979 F-150 Super Cab or 1978-1979 F-250 Dana 44’s that were setup for leafs. Remember that’ll you’ll have an 8-lug wheel bolt pattern with the F-250 axles.

Dana 44 Flat Top Knuckles For High Steering:

Those wishing to do a High Steer setup will need a set of flat top knuckles for your Dana 44 if you don’t already have any.

You can buy flat op knuckles from company’s like Reid Racing.  It would save you from having to have one of the knuckles machined, drilled and tapped for a High Steer arm.

Stock Chevy Passenger Side

Heavy Duty Chevy Flat Top

Heavy Duty Ford Flat Top

Vehicles That Came With Flat Top Knuckles:

• 1973-1977 Chevy & GM 1/2 ton 4X4 with Dana 44 – Passenger knuckles are flat tops.
• 1973-1987 Chevy & GM 1/2 ton 4X4 with Dana 44 – Driver’s knuckle are flat tops and already drilled and tapped.
• 1974-1977 Full Size Jeep – Driver and passenger side are flat tops.

The cornerstone of the High Steer setup is the flat top passenger-side knuckle. These are easy to find since they were used with the stock J-arm steering on Chevy push-pull steering configurations. The flat top passenger-side knuckles, however, are fairly rare. They can only be found on 1973-1977 1/2-ton Chevy’s and 1974-1977 fullsize Jeeps. Once you locate one of these knuckles, the top of the knuckle must be milled flat and then drilled and tapped to mirror the driver-side knuckle. Due to the recent popularity of high steer, milled and drilled knuckles can now be purchased outright or on exchange from a variety of aftermarket vendors.

The flat top knuckles can be identified by a large flat area on top next to the ball joint. On the underside there will be cast in bosses where the threads will go. On the driver’s side Chevy knuckle there will be three studs where the factory Chevy steering arm attached. The passenger side Chevy knuckle will be a mirror image but without the studs. Neither side will have studs on a Wagoneer, otherwise the knuckles are identical to Chevy.

This is a flat top knuckle from a 1975 Chevy 1/2 ton

Flat Top Knuckle vs Non-Flat Top Knuckle

Measuring For Steering Arm Holes:

Your passenger side knuckle has a rough cast and will need to be machined and then drilled and tapped for a high steer arm. The measurement for ‘X’ depends on where you measure from and how you machine your knuckle (example: mimic the GM surface angle or machine surface perpendicular to spindle mounting surface)

Where To Get Your Knuckles Machined:

John Nutter Enterprises LLC can machine, drill and tap your steering knuckles for you (They don’t seem to be around anymore).

Parts Needed For A Flat Top Knuckle Dana 44 With A 5×5.5 Wheel Bolt Pattern:

Essentially you run the Chevy or full size Jeep knuckle out, but you use a 1976-1992 Ford F-150 hub, rotor, and inner wheel bearing seal. (Except the 1987-early 1988 Fords with the weird flange mount hub).  The manual lockout is the same part for both.

We’ve known of Ranger/Wagoneer Dana 44 swaps using the Wagoneer Dana 44, Chevy flat top knuckles, Ford hubs, rotors, spindles, Wagoneer caliper brackets and calipers.

High Steer Arms:

Rockstomper High Steer Arms

One you have your knuckles squared away you’ll need to get a set of High Steer arms.

The following company’s offer High Steer Arms:

• Ballistic Fabrication
• Parts Mike
• Poison Spyder Customs
• Rockstomper (Shown Above)
• Sam’s 4×4

Miscellaneous:

Photo of a High Steer Arm on a flat top knuckle

Other Resources:

Dana Axles 1967-1978 (.pdf)

Dana Axles 1978-1998 (.pdf)